What is Cloud Computing? (Part 2)

Okay, this has been a busy month and therefore i apologize for my delayed post on the second part of the series What is Cloud Computing. If you are a first timer then i would highly recommend you to first go through the part 1 before moving on.

So in this part we would be talking on Web Application and Clustering. After we have a good understanding on this two topics we shall then move on to the concept of Terminal Services, Application Server, Virtualization, Hosted Instances, Hosted Solutions, Public vs Private Cloud and finally as i have promised will try to give you some final thoughts on how these things binds together.

Web Application

The simplest form of Cloud Computing is the Web Application. What are Web Applications? These are the applications that we use in our daily life, made up of World Wide Web Standard technologies, application developed on HTML, Java Script PHP etc. Your Yahoo Mail or Gmail or Facebook, YouTube all these are web applications. You might be wondering why these are part of cloud computing, right? Its because these applications are sitting somewhere installed in a server and you are just accessing them using your web browser.

Your Google Doc is a perfect example of a web application. Think of it, you are working on a document from your PC in Google DOC, as if it was installed in your PC. So why is it cloud computing? Simple! The office application that you are using is no longer installed in your PC! So if your PC crashes for whatever reason, you can then step out, go to your neighbor’s PC, log into your account and finish writing whatever document you were writing! Remember? Separating the application from the OS from the Hardware. The idea is again similar, if your OS fails or Hardware fails you can still access your data from a different access point. So this is the basic concept of Web Application, we will be talking about application server soon which has a different concept.

Clustering

The next thing to understand of Cloud Computing is the concept of Clustering. What is Clustering? Well Clusters of Computer are those when you set up multiple different servers where you have OS installed and then on top of that you install an application that can be clustered. You don’t need to re-read the line to understand as i am breaking it down for you. Most of the applications that can be clustered are database applications. If you have worked in windows environment than you probably heard of Active Directory Clusters and if you worked with web programing then you may heard of MySQL cluster.

Say for MySQL cluster, what you do is first install MySQL database in your OS and then somehow you set up a cluster [How? Well I am not gonna tell that now? You figure that out]. So now you connect all these servers or computers through the cluster. What happens in this cluster is called Raplication, that is, whatever data is present in server 1, are present in any other servers. This is important because, now, if someone from the internet wants to extract any data then they will simply hit the clusters not the servers! The cluster will figure out which server the person should be directed to.

Say for example , a lot of people are trying to access the database [for YouTube or Facebook] from the internet and as i have mentioned they gonna hit the cluster. Remember, the clusters are always talking with each other. So what the cluster will say is, Server 1-> “This Computer is already have enough connection, the hardware is already being spiked out” and so if you are coming from internet than you automatically get re routed to a different server [Say Server 2] which is comparatively free. Now say Server 2 gets filled up, then it will automatically got to the next free server. This is something called load balancing. If you want to provide the best performance to the users then you use this concept or technology.

Now with clustering you also have another utility. If one of your server fails then the cluster will realize that and will not send user to that dead PC. So what it means is, you set up a cluster environment and you don need to worry if any of your server fails! (As you still have fine functioning servers to serving the service). This clustering are usually done in the database environment and are specially used in the web world.

Most of the web applications store their data in databases mostly in MySQL. So lets say I am currently writing this writeup in wordpress and wordpress is storing this information in database and now if wordpress is wise enough to do clustering then you probably would be reading my post anytime you want. It really doesn’t matter what hardware or software wordpress is using, because it could be a xeon processor, it could be in a Pentium processor or it could be using a Celeron processor. They do not have to be the same hardware. Even they can have different types of OS, they may have windows installed in one and Linux installed in the other server, the main thing that is important is the application that is installed in the OS which in our case is MySQL. Clustering is a very important concept in the cloud world. An average person might not be aware of that but right now you do.

I hope to write the next part soon.

What is Cloud Computing?

What exactly cloud computing is? This is the latest and greatest thing we are all hearing about. And being the latest and greatest thing, marketers are all using this term for their marketing campaign so that they can get more customers and can get more money out of your pocket. For example Microsoft is currently running a campaign saying “Into The Cloud” where if someone log into the website and then they will see a big flashy thing going around saying “Into the Cloud” which is quite cool.

But the main problem is most people really don’t understand what cloud computing is. Simply speaking Cloud Computing is an overall philosophy and design concept. It is much more complicated and yet much simpler than what people give it credit for. So in this write up I would try to explain the concept and technology of cloud computing in a simpler fashion. Many of my subscriber has emailed me, text me and requested me to write on this.

The first thing of cloud computing that you need to understand is that, with cloud computing you are trying to separate the applications from both the operating system and from the hardware. What do I mean by this? Say you need to have an email service for you company, for which you will be needing a physical server [You know, a machine with CPU, RAM, power plug and etc etc]. On that hardware you then install a operating system say windows server 2008 and on top that you now installed Microsoft Exchange Server for email service. So look carefully, to provide the email service you had the Exhane server over the operating system over the hardware. So now the exchange server is dependent on many other factors! So if your operating system got some problem like attacked by virus or clod up with some other information than your email service goes down. Again if your CPU starts complaining say your CPU fan stops or the power goes out or hard drive crashes then it shuts your operating system which eventually shuts your exchange server and your email service stops. So the idea of cloud computing is to decentralize the application from the OS and Hardware.

You may hear of virtual computing, what it does is, it puts the OS into a container. This container is running on hardware.  So if your hardware fails you can put that instance into another hardware and start over again at no time as It automatically migrates to another hardware. So now if you have redundancy using virtualization say you have three physical server than if one gets down it shifts to another CPU within the cluster. This is what I mean by separating the application from the OS and from the hardware. In brief, cloud computing has different component and there your application can migrate between different OS and HW.

This write-up is a fairly big one will discuss all the underlying concepts and technology of cloud computing. This is the first introductory part and I will gradually expand it into other detail segments. But before going into the detail I must clear one thing. People tend to think that Virtualization which I just talked about is clod computing. Virtualization is actually just a component of cloud computing and cloud computing is far more than the virtual computers. As we move forward you will find me talking about other components of cloud computing like web application, database clustering, terminal services, application server, virtualizations, hosted instances, hosted solutions, public vs private cloud and finally I will try to give some final thoughts on how these things binds together. So this is just the introduction of cloud computing hope you will be with me over the next couple of series.

Why International SMS is the Most Expensive Data Service in the World and yet so Cheaper in Bangladesh?

Throughout the world overseas SMS [Short Messaging Service] is the most expensive Data Transferring Service. Think about it, you are just sending 160 characters and it costs you around 20 cents on the retail level per SMS [on an average basis] across the globe!!!! In many case it even crosses over a dollar! Question is why? Is it like the Scientists could not figure out how to transfer this bit of information across the world at a cheaper rate? You can download a video clip more chipper than a regular SMS or You can do an overseas call at a cheaper rate rather than sending an SMS? So why does it cost so much? Is there some kind of nuclear technology behind the scene? Well technically speaking, SMS hardly cost anything you can refer to the article “The True Price of SMS Messages” .  You can also read a great article on the article SMS, The Most Expensive Data Transfer. So technically speaking, it hardly costs anything [If want to know the technical understanding please refer to the following article How SMS Works.

SMS uses control channel, the same channel when a BTS uses during a call set up or for paging. So when you send an SMS, the message flows through the SMSC, then to the tower, and the tower sends the message to your phone as a little packet of data on the control channel. In the same way, when you send a message, your phone sends it to the tower on the control channel and it goes from the tower to the SMSC and from there to its destination. So, basically it should be a free service since the retail operators are using the control channel anyway.

It is not for the technical reason that the operator sets a higher price for SMS. It is their business strategy, which is quite understandable. Think again, if you were the Retail Operator then you definitely won’t allow your user to send free text messages to communicate with each other, rather you would increase the SMS tariff and force them to do voice calls. remember, Voice is the commodity here not SMS and Operators are in the Voice Business.

And Globally Retail Rate is always larger than the international Whole Sale Rate for both SMS and Calls. The only exception is found in Bangladesh. The only place where you will find the retail SMS rate to lower than the global International Rate which is ridiculous.

Let me give you an example, International SMS Termination rate for Congo is 13 cent whereas the retail SMS rate for Congo from Bangladesh is 3.5 cent, which means the operators has to pay rest of the money from their pocket! Who decided that? Our National Rate Agency who has no clue whatsoever what’s going on in the international market. The same things holds true for Voice Tariff as well. International Market is dynamic and so the retail pricing also needs to be adjusted from time to time, but this has been static for decades. Well, this is good from the consumers perspective, but what’s the catch? Bangladesh has been used as an illegal SMS gateway. How?

Suppose hypothetically there are around 1 million SMS traffic from Country XYZ to Congo, so if the carrier sends directly to Congo it will cost him 13 cent with a profit of [20 cents-13 cents] 7 Cents. But if he routes the SMS via Bangladesh then it will cost him 5.5 cent only? How? First he needs to put a SMS gateway in Bangladesh, then terminate the SMS in Bangladesh which is 2 cents and then re-route that SMS as a Bangladesh outgoing SMS at a cost of 3.5 sent which is flat throughout the world. So now it costs 14.5 cents and he gains more 7.5 cents which a total amount of 75000 Dollar! This phenomenon is also known as traffic Re filing in VoIP.

In a re-file, there are separate arrangements between the originator of the traffic and the re-filer, and between the re-filer and the destination carrier. The re-filer replaces the Calling Line Identification (CLI) with a new one thereby making the destination carrier see the calls as coming from the re-filer. The idea behind re-filing is that the originator ends up paying less if the calls come from the country indicated by the new CLI rather than from the original country.

To illustrate this, some arbitrary values have been included in Figure 2. If A would send directly to B, it would pay, say, €0.160/min. Sending via the re-filer C, A pays just €0.155/min to C who pays € 0.145/min to send to B. The benefits are calculated as follows:

A saves: 0.160 – 0.155 = €0.005/min.

C gains: 0.155 – 0.145 = €0.010/min.

Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission BTRC should address this with utmost importance.

 

Debit Card/ Credit Card- Service Annoyance or Service Utility

The usage of Debit Card and Credit Card has increased dramatically since past couple of years and its user has been growing exponentially in the country. This great service undoubtedly has gained popularity among the middle class, higher middle class and of course to the upper class citizen of the nation. People now feel safer and comfortable in carrying a single piece of plastic card rather than carrying a bundle of money with them. All my childhood I grew up watching the advertisement of Sachin Tendulkar or Mr. Bond [Pierce Brosnan] holding their Master Card and since then I became a dreamer for those fancy cards [Though I didn’t know the difference between a debit or credit card back then]. And now today I am a proud member of two credit cards and a debit card by the grace of my Salary account.

Coming to the question, what exactly is the difference between a Debit Card and a Credit Card? To me its quite simple. Let’s assume that, I got my Salary of amount 50,000 TAKA [Not actual], and unlike back on old days, I don’t need to collect it from my Finance Department in hard cash, or collect it from a Bank using a check after waiting in a long irritating queue. The Bank has awarded me with a Card with which I can now go to an ATM booth, insert my security code, type an amount and hit enter to get my money. Yap, this is my debit card. It’s my own money that I am collecting and its over once it reaches the 50,000 limit. That’s the only use? Well, with this card I am now able to purchase many services like buying food, groceries, clothes or electronics. If the shops I am visiting supports Debit Card facilities then they will have a small Electronic Card Reader Box namely POS [Point of Sale] where they will scratch my card, enter the amount and hit enter. The amount I purchased will be deducted from my account, sounds cool huh? Exactly, and since the first day of its usage I am getting addicted towards it this day by day.

Ok, now that we have understood Debit Card, let’s explore the term “Credit Card”. Back to my old example, I have come to a point to take the card service to a bit higher level. Suppose I went to a shop in the last week of the month with 5,000 TAKA left in my account and found a cool White Summer Suit on sales that will cost me around 10,000 TAKA and will run out of sale soon if I don’t get it immediately. But I don’t have much money left in my wallet or on my debit card! What would I do then? Ah! Wish my bank would lend me some money for this couple of days so that I can repay them when I get my Salary. This is exactly when a Credit Card comes into play. A credit card is a form of borrowing. It allows you to ‘buy goods now and pay later’. Credit Cards aren’t linked to your bank account. Like debit cards, they can be used to buy goods in shops with the same details being required for a debit card. You can also get a cash advance by drawing money at bank cash machines but the interest will be charged on daily basis. Your bank may offer you a credit card, or you can apply for one to any institution for example American Express. Think twice before using a credit card, if you don’t repay your bill by its due date you will be charged with a heavy interest rate for that month.

If Debit Card and Credit Card are so useful and why did I placed the phrase “Service Annoyance” at the top in the title bar. Well, truth be told, I am not cursing these cards, they are very loyal to me but problem lies at the back end- people supporting this services. Let me share some of my bitter experiences while using these cards. It happens so many times that I took some of my friends for a treat and it ended up in total embarrassment, why? because my cute little loyal card won’t work in POS [The stupid box that failed to read the magnetic strip of my Debit Card/Credit Card]. It happens so many times that those shops claiming to have the American Express [Credit Card] facilities but apologizing next moment just after purchasing saying that their Amex POS is not working. This is frustrating and annoying, because at that very moment if you are alone and don’t have the cash with you then you need to find a nearby ATM booth [If you are lucky enough] to draw your money in hard cash and then pay the shopper. It even happened one day that the nearby ATM booth was not working due to network failure and I had to call my boss to pay and rescue me, what a shame!!!

Another annoying thing while purchasing goods with these cards are, you cannot purchase small amount stuffs! why? They says that the transaction fee is too high for them to bear for such small amounts! Ok! Should that be my concern? Many shops even declares that, they won’t process any transaction if the purchased amount is less than 500 TAKA.

The last and foremost annoying card of using a credit card is its long queue while paying the bills. I am a premium customer and that’s why I am using a credit card. It’s a posh thing and definitely my expectation while be high in terms of receiving the after sale service. It happens so many times that I went to the bank for paying the Due Credit Amount and came back cursing because of the long waiting line. Common, there has to be a dedicated booth for attending Credit Card holders! This is embarrassing as well. Who’s to blame? From consumer’s perspective, we need a seamless service that will not embarrass us. The shop owner should be more careful and maintain a regular servicing for their POS and of course should permit to buy goods of any amount and Banks should also have a strong backup policy during network outage. They should also give an extra khatir to their credit card holders. Else the boom of e-commerce will be halted.

Last of all, I would like to propose a service that will take the Card Systems even to a higher edge. Carrying cards at times could be cumbersome. Imagine you went to a jogging early in the morning and found that you are thirsty and need to buy a bottle of water but you forgot to bring your wallet. What happens then? You hold your thirst, crawl back to home and swear never to leave your wallet ever. But think, had the whole Transaction System would have been biometric you might not had to experience this bitterness. Imagine yourself in that retail outlet, you have finished purchasing the water bottle and the shopper gives you the total. You then scan your finger, put your PIN, amount and payment method in a touch screen monitor and hit enter. That’s it, doesn’t matter whether you have the card with you or not. The whole authentication system works similar to that of a card. Just instead of reading a magnetic Strip the scanner will read the finger prints. Service annoyance for this case? Well this is why the highly paid scientists are there! Let’s leave it up to them. In this cutting edge technology era this shouldn’t be a difficult task for them.

– Samiul Huq, BankInfoBD

How to Reduce the Bandwidth Cost of Internet in Bangladesh

Over the years, price of bandwidth in Bangladesh has been reduced at a regular intervals to attract more and more users towards the internet cloud but yet the price of internet bandwidth is still high in compared other developing countries. This paper is designed to find an answer of the question what is the reason behind that and what should be done to reduce the cost of internet bandwidth.

In 2006 Bangladesh got connected to the SEA-ME-WE 4[1] Submarine cable. After that, many ISPs [Internet Service Provider] have found the opportunity to connect the internet via BTCL [Bangladesh Telecommunication Company Limited]. Since back then BTCL was the only service provider and thus enjoyed the monopoly role till 2008 when Mango Tele Service got their license as the first and only private IIG[2] [International Internet Gateway]. These two IIGs are connected to BSCCL[3] [Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company] and are providing bandwidth to all the ISP operator of Bangladesh. This is the time when number of internet users increased by quite a big margin as bandwidth quality and price became affordable to general individuals.

Figure 1 shows the total flow chart of the Total Internet System value Chain

The two most fundamental reason behind the cost is

• International Bandwidth
• Access Network

International Bandwidth:

In this portion we shall see that despite of a fixed cost charged by Tier 1 foreign ISP, this could be minimize to as low as 0 Cent. How is that possible? Answer is through Peering. Peering is a voluntary interconnection of administratively separate Internet networks for the purpose of exchanging traffic between the customers of each network. The pure definition of peering is settlement-free or “sender keeps all,” meaning that neither party pays the other for the exchanged traffic; instead, each derives revenue from its own customers.

Let’s make it simpler, suppose in a large geographic area there are two networks established by two Tier 1 ISPs- cogent and global crossing that has set up a network of 100gbps line see Figure 2. Say facebook and yahoo has hosted in Network A and YouTube and Google has hosted in network B. On consumer demand, owners of Network A [Cogent] and Network B [Global Crossing] come to a mutual agreement to share their contents and this would be inter-exchangeable meaning neither party has to pay to the other.

Figure 2 Virtual Network where Network A and Network B has established their High speed connectivity

A statistics on Bangladeshi internet surfers has shown that most of the end user who uses internet other than mailing purpose use Google, FB, Yahoo and YouTube, resulting a traffic pattern of 90% downlink and 10% uplink as these sites are hosted outside the Bangladesh.

From the above circumstances it is audible that Bangladeshi ISPs cannot go for peering. Well had these ISPs had local contents to share then it would not cost them much of the money.

All the ISPs of Bangladesh should come under the same hood and propose it to the government to increase the local content. Because once they can convince these giants in Bangladesh then the traffic profile will no longer be same, they could go for peering and thus it could charge it’s subscriber with a nominal fee for surfing.

South Korea has shown the world and exemplary revolution in this sector. Korean broadband penetration and internet growth trends are the highlighted significantly. They have one of the highest broadband usage rates in among all developed countries. Question is how? Answer is simple, they have local version of all of these popular sites, they have Korean version of YouTube, Google and other famous sites. The same strategy needs to be adopted by Bangladesh as well in order to full fill the dream of digital Bangladesh.

Once this is done, and then the ISPs can go up to BSCCL for negotiating with its tier 1 supplier to bargain that, “See the uplink-downlink ratio is no longer the same. I am using less of your bandwidth these days, so lower your tariff”.

Since this is a long term plan local ISPs can go for temporary solutions.

Suppose, a user1 wants to mail user 2 and user 3 in the country and their mail server has been hosted locally then it does not need to go to THE Internet, rather they can do it internally and thus at a much cheaper rate.

Figure 3: Local Internet Connectivity

The ISP should create two routes for their subscriber, if the subscriber 1 wants to send mail to subscriber 2 then it will send traffic through the local route, if this is done, the proportion of 90-10 will further trimmed to at least 60-40 because a recent statistics has shown that still 70% of the subscriber uses internet for mailing purpose only. Thus they can save a lot of money by not using the international BW. ***

BDIX[4] an UNDP project was first established on 2004 to serve such purpose. It is an Inter connection exchange operator that connects ISPs in Bangladesh to keep local traffic locally.

I recently came to know about some ISPs who are providing their subscriber local movie database where user could download a movie at 3mbps speed with 128kbps line. How? Movie saved in a Local Server!!!!

Access Network

To understand the second reason we need to have a solid understanding of how Bangladesh is connected to the world. The story begins as follows:

When the SMW4 was established, they distributed the capacity measured in MIU-km to the owners as per their contribution. What is MIU KM? MIU-km stands for Minimum Investment Unit is a unit used with submarine cables. For example: 1 MIU KM for SEA-ME-WE4 cable system can be defined as the Length of 1 kilometer of an STM-1 link along this cable.

Suppose Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company (BSCCL) has received the permission of one million MIU-km into their bucket, BSCCL can sell this capacity anywhere within this SMW4 (It does not have to be only within the Bay of bangle, rather it can sell the capacity even at the Arab Sea)

Figure 4: SEA-ME-WE4 Connectivity

BSCCL has come up with a mu-km table integrating STM and Kilometer against cost. It is from this table the BSCCL calculates and offer a charge from one node to another.

Distance of Cox Bazaar to Chennai is 2191 km, now if a customer wants to connect with STM 1 then the total usage of capacity would be 2191*1=2191 ч-km.

If that customer wants a STM4 connectivity [Four times more bandwidth of one STM= 1.55.52 *4 MBPS] then ч-km would be 2191*4=8764 ч-km.

The charging is usually done on half circuit or full circuit basis.  Half Circuit means from Cox’s Bazaar Landing Station to the imagery half line between Cox’s Bazaar & other landing stations. Full Circuit means the distance between Cox’s bazaar landing station and distant end Cable landing station.

Figure 5: Schematic diagram of how Dhaka is connected to SMW4

If a customer wants to connect from Cox Bazar to Tuas he will receive a quotation from different owners like TATA and BSCCL.

Let’s say the Cost of TATA and BSCCL from Cox Bazar to Tuas is $6000 and $12000 respectively. So a customer may take half circuit from BSCCL and half circuit from TATA which will cost 3+6=9 thousand. Now why would someone do that? One can easily go for TATA and save some money. Well if you are a Bangladeshi customer then you don’t have any other choice but to comply with that because if your company location is in Dhaka, then BSCCL has no other scheme to connect you from Dhaka to Cox bazaar. Landing station of BSCCL is located in Cox bazaar and submarine station is not open for Bangladesh. Not until I am writing this paper.

Due to this high price BSCCL is not being able to sell all of its capacity. Say out of one million miu-km, only 40% of them are sold by the grace of IGW [International Gateways], ICXs [Inter exchange operators], IPTSPs [Internet Protocol Telephony Service Provider], IIG[International Internet Gateway (IIG) operator] and ISPs [Internet Service Providers] and the rest of them are left over. As a result they have no other option but to sell at a cheaper rate in the international market through auctions where other members of SMW4 or may be owner from other network like SMW3 can participate and do the bidding. To my suggestion BSCCL should reduce the price and offer a more competitive rate so that it can attract not only Bangladeshi customers but also customer from overseas. Why selling in auction where you can do it locally?

If someone wants to get connected from Cox bazaar to equinox co-location centre[5] located in London, how would he do that? SMW4 ends in MARSEILLES (France), so he needs to contact another service provider who will take him from France to England and then from there to London. BSCCL can come up with such scheme where they would offer an attractive bundle offer the complete path assurance so that customer does not need to hop to different companies which still a bit of cumbersome.

Currently, BSCCL offer a scheme of 60% discount scheme to the IIG as per BTRC, at a price of 18000 tk per mbps and which is still high in compare to the international market bandwidth. BSCCL can reduce this further to as low as 6000 tk per mbps. BSCCL needs to understand the fact that technology is advancing rapidly, new modulation or multiplexing technique is coming up, if tomorrow a new modulation or multiplexing technique comes and is adapted by other smw4 authority then it will simply increase the capacity which means more capacity is going for auction. So if BSCCL can reduce the price it would be key factor in the ISP business. Because the ISP operator would be able to cut down their cost and thus charge lesser beat per second bps to it’s end user.

Final question would be why Facebook, You Tube, Google or Yahoo would be interested in Bangladesh? Well, Bangladesh has one of the fastest penetration rates in this data sector it has a huge potential market, they can earn millions of dollar simply by using advertisement [Example Google add sense] or perhaps YouTube may offer corporate solution in building video library for universities. In short they have a huge huge business prospect in this country.

Government has to take initiative in helping to grow the sector as well. By providing support in every manner, it could be through policy or ensuring security. When I mean security it involves both data security as well as connectivity security.  Connectivity security is one of the vital issues. Ensuring submarine cable not being disturbed by some careless ocean going ships tearing the cable and thus making the country fully isolated from the world. To avoid such mishap careful precaution are to be taken by the concerned bodies. Strong regulation are also to be imposed for accessing restricted sites enriched with adult content and thus saving the young generations from moral degradation.

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[1] The South East Asia-Middle East-West Europe 4 (SEA-ME-WE 4) project is the fourth project in the SEA-ME-WE series. On 27th March 2004, a consortium of 16 international telecommunications companies signed construction and maintenance agreements for the new optical fiber submarine cable system linking South East Asia to Europe via the Indian Sub-Continent and Middle East and the estimated project cost is of the order of US$ 500 million. The total length of the SEA-ME-WE 4 submarine cable system will span approximately 20,000 km.

[2] IIGs will serve as a gateway for routing International incoming and outgoing Internet based data traffic. All ISPs shall be connected to global internet through these IIGs.

[3] Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company (BSCCL) is a Telecommunications infrastructure service provider primarily through the international Submarine Cable and domestic high capacity optical fiber network. Thus, the service provided by BSCCL represents the gateway communication between Bangladesh and the rest of the world.

[4] http://www.bdix.net/index.htm

[5] A colocation centre (also spelled collocation, colo, or coloc) or carrier hotel is a type of data centre where multiple customers locate network, server and storage gear and interconnect to a variety of telecommunications and other network service provider(s) with a minimum of cost and complexity.